![]() It is therefore not surprising that his name has since become intimately associated with electricity to the extent that the process of producing electricity by chemical reaction is termed galvanism.1 From these series of experiments, Galvani deduced that the muscle was producing electricity. In further experiments in bioelectro-genesis, as the knee-jerk reaction came to be called, Galvani noticed that the frog's leg would also react to two different metals being applied to the muscle.1 This behavior was also observed when a dead frog's leg was used in the experiment. This Italian anatomist and physician observed that muscles of a frog's leg would contract when jolted with a static electrical spark delivered from a Leyden jar. Notwithstanding its simplicity, such a cell would have provided current to permit primitive jewelers to electroplate precious metals and make copper shine either like gold or as silver.1 Although such archeological evidence provides us with some glimpse into the far past, the history of modern-day battery development begins in the 1780s with the discovery of "animal electricity" by Luigi Galvani (1737-1798), which he published in 1791. Presumably some fluid, which served as an electrolyte, escaped preservation. A curiosity found in Baghdad in 1932 was probably representative of battery technology dating as far back as 2500 years.1 Such a primitive 32.1 I NTRODUCTIONģ2.1.1 Historical, Cultural, and Battery Technology Development battery cell comprised an iron rod that fits into a copper cylinder. The existence and use of batteries is thought to have roots in prehistoric times, whereby, through archeological discoveries, it was discovered that prehistoric people had created an electrochemical cell that would qualify, under today's definition, as a battery. Wangģ2.1.1 Historical, Cultural, and Battery Technology Development 1303ģ2.2 Overview of the Manufacturing Process 1307ģ2.4 Description of Battery Subcategories in the Battery Industry 1310ģ2.4.1 Subcategories/Subdivision of Batteries 1310ģ2.4.6 Subcategory E: Lithium Battery 1316ģ2.6 Health and Environmental Effects of Battery Manufacture 1320ģ2.7 Treatment of Battery Manufacturing Waste 1323ģ2.7.1 Use of Biosorbent in the Treatment of Battery Wastewater 1323ģ2.7.2 Cleaner Production Options for Battery Manufacture 1324ģ2.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 1329 References 1329 ![]() Please take care that glass fragments do not cut the sealed bags or your fingers.Joseph F. When double bagged and sealed, the broken bulb can be taken to be put in the low energy light bulb bins at recycling centres. Double bag by sealing the bag and placing it in another similar bag and sealing that one as well.Sticky tape (for example, duct tape or similar) can be used to pick up small residual pieces or powder from soft furnishings.Wipe the area with a damp cloth, and then place that in the bag.The bag doesn’t need to be air tight but should be reasonably sturdy. Place fragments in a plastic bag (you may wish to wear rubber gloves).Ventilate the room (15 minutes is suggested). A vacuum cleaner should not be used to clear up a broken bulb or tube. Although accidental breakage is unlikely to cause any health problems, it’s good practice to minimise unnecessary exposure to mercury, as well as the risk of cuts from glass fragments. If you have a broken low energy bulb or tube, handle with care as they contain mercury. Some retailers have collection points for low energy light bulbs see Recycle Now or Recolight for local details. ![]() ![]() All of Somerset’s recycling centres have facilities for the safe recycling of low energy light bulbs and fluorescent tubes.
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